English Grammar : Gerund
The Gerund
The Gerund is one the three types of Non-Finite Verbs. Gerund is also a Verbal. (Words that are formed from verbs but don't act as verbs are called Verbal).
A Gerund is a kind of noun that does not act as a verb. A Gerund is a verbal noun we make by adding 'Ing' at the end of a verb. Any verb can be made into a Gerund (e.g. Verb-look - Gerund-looking'). A Gerund has the force of a Noun and a Verb.
Gerunds are noun and can function in the sentence as subject, object, subject complement and objects of preposition. In other words, a Gerund can perform any action in the sentence that a noun ordinarily can function.
Non-Finite वर्ब के तीन प्रकारो में से एक Infinitive है । Gerund भी एक वर्बल है ।(शब्द जो वर्ब से बना हो परंतु वर्ब की तरह कार्य नही करे वह वर्बल कहलाता है) ।
Gerund एक प्रकार की संज्ञा है जो वर्ब की तरह कार्य नही करती है । यह एक वर्बल संज्ञा है जो हम वर्ब के अंत में 'Ing' जोड़कर बनाते हैं । किसी भी वर्ब को Gerund बनाया जा सकता है (जैसे - Verb-देखो - Gerund-देखना') । Gerund में Noun और Verb का गुण है ।
Gerund संज्ञा है और वाक्य में "कर्ता, ऑब्जेक्ट, कर्ता का पूरक और preposition का ऑब्जेक्ट" के तौर पर कार्य कर सकता है । दूसरे शब्दों में, Gerund वाक्य में साधारणतया वह सारे कार्य कर सकता है जो एक संज्ञा कर सकती है ।
Use of Gerund
Gerund as Subject
Reading is Avyan's passion. (Reading is normally a verb, but here it is the name of an activity and is used as a subject).
पढ़ना अव्यन का जुनून है । (पढ़ना साधारणतया एक वर्ब है परंतु यहाँ यह एक क्रिया का नाम है और कर्ता के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुआ है) ।
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence | Gerund | Gerund used as |
---|---|---|---|
पढ़ना अव्यन का जुनून है । | Reading is Avyan's passion. | reading | subject |
दौड़ना एक अच्छा व्यायाम है । | Running is a good exercise. | running | subject |
मछली पकड़ना एक अच्छा शौक है । | Fishing is a good hobby. | fishing | subject |
धूम्रपान कैन्सर पैदा करता है । | Smoking causes cancer. | smoking | subject |
सफर शायद तुम्हें आगे बढ़ने में मदद करे । | Travelling might help you to grow. | traveling | subject |
बाघ का शिकार प्रतिबंधित है । | Hunting tigers is prohibited. | hunting | subject |
नृत्य एक अच्छा व्यायाम है । | Dancing is a good exercise. | dancing | subject |
पढ़ाई तुम्हारा ज्ञान बढ़ाती है । | Reading improves your knowledge. | reading | subject |
Gerund as Object
Avyan enjoys reading at home. A Gerund has also the force of a Verb and can take a direct object. Object of the subject 'Avyan' is 'reading'.
अव्यन घर पर पढ़ने का आनंद लेता है । Gerund के पास Verb की भी ताकत है और यह प्रत्यक्ष Object ले सकता है । सब्जेक्ट 'अव्यन' का ऑब्जेक्ट है 'पढ़ना' ।.
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence | Gerund | Gerund used as |
---|---|---|---|
नेहा सोना पसंद करती है । | Neha loves sleeping. | sleeping | object of verb-love |
मेरा दोस्त चलना पसंद नही करता है । | My friend dislikes walking. | walking | object of verb-dislike |
किताब पढ़ना शुरू करो । | Begin reading the book. | reading | object of verb-begin |
मैं मछली पकड़ना पसंद करता हूँ । | I like fishing. | fishing | object of verb-like |
रोना बंद करो । | Stop crying. | crying | object of verb-stop |
युवा पीढी ऑनलाइन खरीदना ज्यादा पसंद करती है । | Young generation prefer buying online. | buying | object of verb-prefer |
वह समारोह में गाना पसंद करती है । | She loves singing in party. | singing | object of verb-love |
Gerund as Object of Preposition
Vartika insisted on reading the book again. The object of a preposition is usually noun or pronoun and comes immediately to the right of the preposition. If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. We cannot use an infinitive after a preposition. In the example, 'reading' is the object of preposition 'on'.
वर्तिका ने किताब को दुबारा पढ़ने की जिद्द की । Preposition का ऑब्जेक्ट आमतौर पर संज्ञा या सर्वनाम होता है और preposition के ठीक बाद दाँयी तरफ आता है । उदाहरण में, 'पढ़ना' preposition 'on' का ऑब्जेक्ट है ।
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence | Gerund | Gerund used as |
---|---|---|---|
वर्तिका ने किताब को दुबारा पढ़ने की जिद्द की । | Vartika insisted on reading the book again. | reading | object of preposition-on |
उसे मिठाई खाना बहुत पसंद है । | She is fond of eating sweets. | eating | object of preposition-of |
मैं अपने नये ऑफिस में काम करने के बारे में उत्तेजित हूँ । | I am excited about working at my new office. | working | object of preposition-about |
उसे झूठ बोलने के लिये दंड दिया गया । | He was punished for telling a lie. | telling | object of preposition-for |
मुझे मैनेजर से मिलने से रोका गया । | I was prevented from seeing the manager. | seeing | object of preposition-from |
हमें पता ढूंढने में कुछ तकलीफ नही हुई थी । | We had no difficulty in finding the address. | finding | object of preposition-in |
अब निकलने के बारे में तुम्हारा क्या ख्याल है । | What about leaving now? | leaving | object of preposition-about |
Gerund as Subject complement
Avyan's first love is reading. The subject complement describes the subject. In the example, 'Avyan's first love' is subject and 'reading' is its complement.
अव्यन का पहला प्यार पढ़ना है । कर्ता का पूरक कर्ता का वर्णन करता है । उदाहरण में 'अव्यन का पहला प्यार' कर्ता है और 'पढ़ना' इसका पूरक है ।
Examples
अव्यन का पहला प्यार है पढ़ना । | Avyan's first love is reading. | reading | subject complement |
तुम्हारा मजबूत पहलू है उसकी गलतियाँ माफ करना । | Your strongest point is forgiving her mistakes. | forgiving | subject complement |
मुस्कुराना मेरी कमजोरी है । | My weakness is smiling. | smiling | subject complement |
जिससे मैं नफरत करता हूँ वह है पीछा करना । | What I hate is chasing others. | chasing | subject complement |
उसका मुख्य दोष चुप रहना था । | Her main fault was keeping mum. | keeping | subject complement |
मेरा मनपसंद शौक बागबानी है । | My favourite hobby is gardening. | gardening | subject complement |
किताबें पढ़ना उसकी रुचिओ में से एक है । | One of his interests is reading books. | reading | subject complement |
Gerund Phrase
Gerund is a form of verb that act as a noun while Gerund Phrase is a gerund with modifiers (words which modify or describe other words are called modifiers) or complements (complements are things like direct object which complete the meaning of verb) all acting together as a noun.
Gerund वर्ब का एक रूप है जो संज्ञा की तरह कार्य करता है जबकि Gerund Pharase संशोधकों (शब्द जो दूसरे शब्दों को सुधारते या वर्णन करते हैं, संशोधक कहलाते हैं) या पूरकों (पूरक है जैसे प्रत्यक्ष ऑब्जेक्ट जो वर्ब के अर्थ को पूर्ण करता है) के साथ मिलकर संज्ञा की तरह कार्य करते हैं ।
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence |
---|---|
सर्दी के मौसम में आइस क्रीम खाना उचित नही है । | Eating ice cream in winter season is not advisable. |
बॅाथ टब में बुलबुले उड़ाना एक मजेदार क्रिया है । | Blowing bubbles in bath tub is a fun activity. |
उस लड़की को इशारा करने वाला लड़का उसका भाई है । | The boy signalling to that girl is her brother. |
वह लम्बी दूरी दौड़ना पसंद करती है । | She enjoys running long distances. |
स्टांप संग्रह करना उसका मनपसंद शौक है । | Her favourite hobby is collecting stamps. |
वह बिना जूते उतारे नदी में कूद गया । | He jumped into the river without taking off his shoes. |
Gerund versus Simple Infinitive
Gerund and Infinitive both are verbal. An Infinitive can act as noun, adverb or adjective and a Gerund functions as noun. It can be a little difficult to know when to use gerunds and infinitives. To understand it, please see the following:
Gerund और इन्फिनिटिव दोनो verbal है । इन्फिनिटिव noun, adverb या adjective की तरह कार्य कर सकता है और Gerund noun की तरह कार्य करता है । समझने के लिये कृपया नीचे देखें:
Gerund is made by adding 'Ing' with the basic form of verb. We use Gerund -
Gerund वर्ब की मूल फ़ॉर्म में 'Ing' जोड़कर बनाया जाता है । हम gerund का प्रयोग करते हैं -
After certain verbs - I love watching movies
After Prepositions - She thanked me for helping her brother.
As subject or object of a sentence - Laughing is a good exercise.
Infinitives are basic form of verb. We use Infinitive 'with to' -
Infinitives वर्ब की मूल फ़ॉर्म है । हम इन्फिनिटिव 'with to' का प्रयोग करते हैं -
After certain verbs - He goes to sleep.
After many adjectives - It is not easy to sleep everywhere.
To show purpose - He is going Dwarka to meet her.
We use Bare Infinitive 'without to' -
हम Bare infinitive 'without to' का प्रयोग करते हैं -
After modal verbs - She may accord her consent.
After 'let', 'make' - You make her consider my proposal.
After active voice form of the verbs (see, hear, feel, help, watch, observe, overhear, notice, etc.) - She did not notice her mother go.
There are certain sentences where Infinitive or Gerund can be used and meaning remains same (They prefer meeting her. or They prefer to meet her.) Sometimes meaning changes e.g. (1) She will stop to take her meal. (2)She will stop taking her meal.
Infinitive is used in first sentence and it describes that she is doing something else now. However, she will stop doing that thing for taking her meal. In the second sentence, Gerund is used and it describes that she is taking her meal but now she will stop taking the meal.
Gerund Phrase
Gerund is a form of verb that act as a noun while Gerund Phrase is a gerund with modifiers (words which modify or describe other words are called modifiers) or complements (complements are things like direct object which complete the meaning of verb) all acting together as a noun.
Gerund वर्ब का एक रूप है जो संज्ञा की तरह कार्य करता है जबकि Gerund Pharase संशोधकों (शब्द जो दूसरे शब्दों को सुधारते या वर्णन करते हैं, संशोधक कहलाते हैं) या पूरकों (पूरक है जैसे प्रत्यक्ष ऑब्जेक्ट जो वर्ब के अर्थ को पूर्ण करता है) के साथ मिलकर संज्ञा की तरह कार्य करते हैं ।
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence |
---|---|
सर्दी के मौसम में आइस क्रीम खाना उचित नही है । | Eating ice cream in winter season is not advisable. |
बॅाथ टब में बुलबुले उड़ाना एक मजेदार क्रिया है । | Blowing bubbles in bath tub is a fun activity. |
उस लड़की को इशारा करने वाला लड़का उसका भाई है । | The boy signalling to that girl is her brother. |
वह लम्बी दूरी दौड़ना पसंद करती है । | She enjoys running long distances. |
स्टांप संग्रह करना उसका मनपसंद शौक है । | Her favourite hobby is collecting stamps. |
वह बिना जूते उतारे नदी में कूद गया । | He jumped into the river without taking off his shoes. |
Gerund versus Simple Infinitive
Gerund and Infinitive both are verbal. An Infinitive can act as noun, adverb or adjective and a Gerund functions as noun. It can be a little difficult to know when to use gerunds and infinitives. To understand it, please see the following:
Gerund और इन्फिनिटिव दोनो verbal है । इन्फिनिटिव noun, adverb या adjective की तरह कार्य कर सकता है और Gerund noun की तरह कार्य करता है । समझने के लिये कृपया नीचे देखें:
Gerund is made by adding 'Ing' with the basic form of verb. We use Gerund -
Gerund वर्ब की मूल फ़ॉर्म में 'Ing' जोड़कर बनाया जाता है । हम gerund का प्रयोग करते हैं -
After certain verbs - I love watching movies
After Prepositions - She thanked me for helping her brother.
As subject or object of a sentence - Laughing is a good exercise.
Infinitives are basic form of verb. We use Infinitive 'with to' -
Infinitives वर्ब की मूल फ़ॉर्म है । हम इन्फिनिटिव 'with to' का प्रयोग करते हैं -
After certain verbs - He goes to sleep.
After many adjectives - It is not easy to sleep everywhere.
To show purpose - He is going Dwarka to meet her.
We use Bare Infinitive 'without to' -
हम Bare infinitive 'without to' का प्रयोग करते हैं -
After modal verbs - She may accord her consent.
After 'let', 'make' - You make her consider my proposal.
After active voice form of the verbs (see, hear, feel, help, watch, observe, overhear, notice, etc.) - She did not notice her mother go.
There are certain sentences where Infinitive or Gerund can be used and meaning remains same (They prefer meeting her. or They prefer to meet her.) Sometimes meaning changes e.g. (1) She will stop to take her meal. (2)She will stop taking her meal.
Infinitive is used in first sentence and it describes that she is doing something else now. However, she will stop doing that thing for taking her meal. In the second sentence, Gerund is used and it describes that she is taking her meal but now she will stop taking the meal.
कुछ वाक्य ऐसे हैं जहाँ इन्फिनिटिव या Gerund इस्तेमाल किये जा सकते हैं और उनका अर्थ समान रहता है । (वे उससे मुलाकात को वरीयता देते हैं - They prefer meeting her. या वे उससे मुलाकात को वरीयता देते हैं - They prefer to meet her.)। कभी कभी अर्थ बदल जाता है जैसे (1) वह अपना खाना लेने के लिये रुकेगी -She will stop to take her meal. (2) वह अपना खाना लेने रुकेगी - She will stop taking her meal.
पहले वाक्य में Infinitve प्रयुक्त हुआ है और यह व्यक्त करता है की अभी वह कुछ और कर रही है । वह उस कार्य को खाना लेने के लिये बंद करेगी । दूसरे वाक्ये में Gerund का प्रयोग हुआ है और यह व्यक्त करता है की वह खाना ले रही है परंतु अब वह खाना लेना बंद करेगी ।
List of few verbs followed by Gerunds and Infinitives
Verb | Verb | Verb | Verb |
---|---|---|---|
begin | dread | need | recommend |
can't bear | forget | neglect | remember |
can't stand | hate | permit | start |
cease | like | prefer | stop |
continue | love | propose | try |
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence |
---|---|
वह अंग्रेजी बोलने लगा । | He began to speak English. |
वह अंग्रेजी बोलने लगा । | He began speaking English. |
उसने खेलना जारी रखा । | He continued playing. |
उसने खेलना जारी रखा । | He continued to play. |
मैं कपड़े धोने से नफरत करता हूँ । | I hate washing clothes. |
मैं कपड़े धोने से नफरत करता हूँ । | I hate to wash clothes. |
वह अपने बॉस से बात करने से उपेक्षा करती है । | She neglects talking her boss. |
वह अपने बॉस से बात करने से अवहेलना करती है । | She neglects to talk her boss. |
मैं इतना इंतजार करना बर्दाश्त नही कर सकता हूँ । | I can't bear waiting so long. |
मैं इतना इंतजार करना बर्दाश्त नही कर सकता हूँ । | I can't bear to wait so long. |
List of few verbs normally followed by Gerunds
Verb | Verb | Verb | Verb |
---|---|---|---|
admit | discuss | mention | recommend |
anticipate | dislike | mind | regret |
appreciate | don't mind | miss | report |
avoid | encourage | permit | require |
complete | enjoy | postpone | resent |
consider | finish | practice | resist |
defend | forgive | prevent | risk |
delay | imagine | quit | suggest |
deny | involve | recall | tolerate |
despise | keep | recollect | urge |
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence |
---|---|
मैने ऑफिस में लेट होने का पूर्वानुमान किया । | I anticipated getting late in office. |
उसने मकान को सुधारने का कार्य पूरा किया । | He completed renovating the house. |
वह गप्पे मारने का आनंद लेती है । | She enjoys gossiping. |
क्या आप और थोड़ी देर के लिये रुकेंगे ? | Do you mind waiting for more time? |
मैं उसके साथ काम करने से ऐतराज नही करता हूँ । | I don't mind working with her. |
मैं अपने घर में पीने की इजाजत नही देता हूँ । | I do not permit drinking at my home. |
उसने अपने स्थानान्तर के बारे में चिंता करना छोड़ दिया । | He quit worrying about his transfer. |
उसने मदद मांगने से परहेज किया । | He resisted asking for help. |
उसके नये कार्यभार में ज्यादा सफर शामिल है । | His new assignment involves a lot of travelling in India. |
हम पुत्र-वधू को प्यार एवं सम्मान देने की सलाह देते हैं । | We suggest giving love and respect to daughter-in-law. |
Perfect Gerund
So far we have learnt about Simple Gerunds where Gerunds refer to the same time as that of the verb in the main clause. The Perfect Gerund refers to a time before that of the verb in the main clause. To express an activity of past, "having + gerund" is used. For example -
(1)He denied being selected :- Simple Gerund refers to the same time as that of the verb 'selected'. He denited that he was selected.
(2)He denied having been selected :- Perfect Gerund refers to a time before that of the verb 'selected'. He denied that he had been selected.
अभी तक हमने सिंपल Gerund के बारे में पढ़ा है जहाँ Gerund उसी समय को इंगित करता है जो मुख्य क्रिया का है । पर्फेक्ट Gerund मुख्य क्रिया के समय से पहले के समय को इंगित करता है । भूतकाल की क्रिया को व्यक्त करने के लिये, "having + gerund" का प्रयोग होता है । उदाहरण -
(1) उसने चुने जाने से इंकार किया :- सिंपल Gerund वर्ब 'चुने जाने' के समय को ही इंगित करता है । उसने इंकार किया की वह चुना गया था ।
(2) उसने चुने जा चुकने से इंकार किया :- Perfect Gerund वर्ब 'चुने जाने' के समय से पहले के समय (भूतकाल) को इंगित करता है । उसने इंकार किया की वह चुना जा चुका था ।
Examples
वाक्य | Sentence |
---|---|
उस पर गड़बड़ी करने का दोष लगाया गया । | He was blaimed for having made the mess. |
उसने मना किया की उससे बात की है । | She denied having spoken with him. |
किराये पर मकान मिलने पर, हमने शिफ्टिंग के लिये पैकर और मूवर को खोजा । | Having found a house on rent, we looked for packer & mover for shifting. |
गलती करने के लिये मुझे खेद है । | I am sorry for having made a mistake. |
उस पर डकैती में शामिल होने का आरोप लगाया गया । | He was accused of having been involved in the robbery. |
मुझे उससे एक बार पहले मिल चुके होने का याद है । | I remember of having met her once before |
वह अपनी मां के प्रति अपनी नैतिक जिम्मेदारी ना पूरी करने के लिये कसूरवार महसूस कर रही थी । | She was feeling guilty for not having fulfilled her moral duty towards her mother. |
Passive Gerund
Passive forms of Gerund are used to describe that the subject of the sentence is being acted upon. Passive Gerunds can be of Simple Gerund, Continuous Gerund and Perfect Gerund. To understand it, please look at the following sentences:
Gerund की Passive फॉर्म यह बताने के लिये प्रयुक्त होती है की वाक्य का कर्ता प्रभावित किया जा रहा है । Passive Gerund, simple Gerund, Continuous Gerund और Perfect Gerund हो सकता है । इसे समझने के लिये, निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को देखें:
Gerund | वाक्य | Sentence | Sentence |
---|---|---|---|
Simple | वर्तिका पढ़ाना पसंद करती है । | Vartika likes teaching. | Vartika likes to teach. |
Continuous | वर्तिका दूसरों को पढ़ाना पसंद कर रही है । | Vartika is liking teaching others. | Vartika is liking to teach others. |
Passive | अव्यन पढ़ाया जाना पसंद करता है । | Avyan likes being taught. | Avyan wants to be taught. |
Perfect | वर्तिका ने पढ़ाया होना याद किया । | Vartika recalled having taught. | Vartika recalled that she was already taught. |
Passive + Continuous | अव्यन वर्तिका द्वारा पढ़ाया जाना पसंद कर रहा है । | Avyan is liking being taught by Vartika. | Avyan would like to be being taught by Vartika. |
Passive + Perfect | कनिका ने भी वर्तिका द्वारा पढ़ाये जाने को याद किया | Kanika also recalled having been taught by Vartika. | Kanika also recalled that she had been taught by Vartika. |
Examples of Gerund Usages
वाक्य | Sentence |
---|---|
आग में लगभग 20 लोग जलकर मर गये । | In the fire about 20 people died of burning. |
अगर तुम दोनो हाथो में सामान लेकर आओगे तो तुम्हें अपनी कोहनी से दरवाजे की घंटी बजानी पड़ेगी । | If you come holding things in your both hands, you will have to press the door bell by your elbow. |
अपनी ग्रेजुएशन पूरी करने के वह एक राजनैतिक पार्टी से जुड़ गई । | Having completed her graduation, she joined a political party. |
दूसरों के दोष निकालना आसान होता है । | It is easy finding other's faults. |
एक आदमी ने ATM को हथोड़े से मारकर तोड़ दिया है । | A man has broken the ATMs by hitting hammer on it. |
गलत सलाह लेना तुम्हें महंगा पड़ सकता है । | Taking wrong advice may cost you. |
हमने अंडे खाना बंद कर दिया है । | We have stopped taking eggs. |
हमने तुम्हारे जवाब का इंतजार करते हुए दो घण्टे बिता दिये हैं । | We have passed two hours waiting for your reply. |
हँसना बंद करो, तुम चारो । | Stop laughing, you four. |
इस दुकान में खरीदने लायक कुछ भी नही है । | There is nothing worth buying in this shop. |
मैं हर रविवार सैर करने जाता हूँ । | I go walking every Sunday. |
मैं रिटायरमेंट लेने की सोच रहा हूँ । | I am thinking of taking retirement. |
मैने तुम्हारी उससे मुलाकात पर आपत्ति की । | I objected to your meeting with her. |
मुझे दिन के समय सेाना अच्छा नही लगता । | I don't like sleeping during day time. |
मुन्नी बुलाना उसे अच्छा नही लगता । | She does not like being called by Munni. |
विदा कहकर वह सुबह घर के लिये निकल गया । | Saying goodbye he left for his home in the morning. |
स्विच को दबाने से पहले प्लग को अच्छी तरह लगाओ । | Push in the plug properly before pressing the switch. |
उसके देर होने की बहुत कम संभावना है । | There is a remote possibility of his getting late. |
उससे शादी करना मेरे जीवन का सर्वोत्तम निर्णय था । | Marrying her was the best decision of my life. |
वह TV सीरियल देखते हुए कुर्सी पर बैठी थी । | She was sitting in a chair watching TV serial. |
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