The Verb - क्रिया

The Verb - क्रिया

A verb is a word used for saying something about a person or thing. A sentence is incomplete without a verb. Verb is the most important word in a sentence and every sentence must have a verb. A Verb may describe:

A) What action a person or thing does -
e.g. She plays. He speaks. They laugh at fools.

B) What action is done to a person or thing -
e.g. The glass is broken. The bus is damaged. The building is repaired.

C) No action but indicates what a person or thing is -
e.g. He is sick. They are players. He is alive.

क्रिया वह शब्द है जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बाबत कहने में प्रयोग होती है । क्रिया के बिना वाक्य अधूरा है । क्रिया एक वाक्य का बहुत महत्वपूर्ण शब्द है और सभी वाक्यों में क्रिया जरूरी है । क्रिया शब्द कहता है:

A) A) व्यक्ति या वस्तु क्या करता है -
जैसे- वह खेलती है । वह बोलता है । वे बेवकूफों पर हंसते है ।

B) व्यक्ति या वस्तु के साथ क्या Action किया गया -
जैसे- शीशा तोड़ा गया । बस क्षतिग्रस्त की गई । भवन की मरम्मत की गई ।

C) Action नही परंतु व्यक्ति या वस्तु की स्थिति के बारे में इंगित करें -
जैसे- वह बीमार है । वे खिलाड़ी है । वह जिंदा है 

Type of verbs-
Verbs are subdivided into two main types:

(I) Main Verbs and (II) Auxiliary Verbs

Main Verbs

Main verb has major meaning in the sentence i.e. sleep, make, buy, finish, complete etc. Main Verb is any verb in English that isn't an auxiliary verb. it conveys a real meaning and doesn't depend on another verb.

"He has bought four books." In this sentence, 'has' is an auxiliary verb and indicate that it is a Present Perfect Tense and 'bought' is main verb which is conveying real and main meaning of the sentence.

There are many kinds of main verbs. A verb can be of different type. Use of the verb describes the type of the Verb.

क्रिया मुख्यतः दो प्रकार की होती है - (I) मुख्य क्रिया और (II) सहायक क्रिया । 

मुख्य वर्ब का वाक्य में बड़ा अर्थ है जैसे - सोना, बनाना, खरीदना, खत्म करना, पूरा करना इत्यादि । मुख्य वर्ब वह वर्ब है ज़ो सहायक वर्ब नही है । यह वास्तविक अर्थ बताता है और किसी दूसरे वर्ब पर निर्भर नही है । 

"He has bought four books ।" इस वाक्य में 'has' सहायक वर्ब है जो यह दर्शाता है की यह प्रेज़ेंट पर्फेक्ट टेन्स है और 'bought' मुख्य वर्ब है जो वास्तविक अर्थ कहता है और वाक्य का मैं अर्थ है । मैं वर्ब कई प्रकार के होता है । एक वर्ब कई प्रकार का हो सकता है परंतु इसका प्रयोग ही बताता है की यह वर्ब का कौन सा प्रकार है ।

Transitive Verb

A verb which requires an object in sentence to convey complete meaning is a Transitive Verb. In the absence of object, subject does not convey complete meaning. e.g.: Kanika wrote "______".
Without an object the verb “wrote" does not give complete meaning. If we mention object in the sentence –Kanita wrote a letter or her name – makes it more meaningful.

वह क्रिया जिसे वाक्य में पूरे अर्थ को व्यक्त करने के लिये object की जरूरत होती है, Transitive verb कहलाती है ।

Examples

वह सेब खा रही है ।	She is eating an apple.
उसने पाठ समझ लिया है ।	He has understood the lesson.
उसने अपनी मम्मी के लिये नया मोबाइल फोन खरीदा ।	He bought a new mobile phone for his mother.
उसने फुटबॉल को लात मारी ।	He kicked the football.
अव्यन ने अपना गृहकार्य पूरा कर लिया है ।	Avyan has completed his homework.
कनिका वर्तिका को अपने खिलौनें दे रही है ।	Kanika is giving her toys to Vartika.

Intransitive Verb

A verb which does not require an object in sentence is an Intransitive verb. Intransitive verb can give complete meaning without an object in sentence for it.

वह क्रिया जिसे वाक्य में पूरे अर्थ को व्यक्त करने के लिये object की जरूरत नही पड़ती, Intransitive verb कहलाती है । 

Examples

कनिका रो रही है ।	Kanika is weeping.
वह हंस रही है ।	She is laughing.
बरसात हुई है ।	It has rained.
सूर्य चमकता है ।	The sun shines.
चिड़िया सुबह चहचहाती है ।	Bird chirps in the morning.
यह जल रहा है ।	It is burning.

Dynamic Verbs

Dynamic Verbs express a real action done by the subject. The action or result of the action can be seen or felt by the object or an indirect object.

Dynamic verb कर्ता के वास्तविक action को दर्शाती है । क्रिया या क्रिया का परिणाम object पर देखा या महसूस किया जा सकता है ।

Examples

वह क्रिकेट खेल रहा है ।	He is playing cricket.
राजन ने लड़ाई लड़ी है ।	Rajan has fought a battle.
मैकॅनिक ने कार ठीक कर दी है ।	The mechanic has repaired to car.
दुकानदार ने दुकान बंद कर दी है ।	The shopkeeper has closed the shop.
रामू ने फर्श पर पोंछा लगा दिया है ।	Ramu has mopped the floor.
रीमा ने एक गुलाब-जामुन को छह दोस्तों में बांट दिया है ।	Reema has distributed a piece of Gulab-jamun among six friends.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs express a state, situation or condition rather than an action. Stative Verb describes about the state of mind of the subject, or the relation between the subject and the object. Stative verbs are usually not used in the progressive tenses.

Stative verb क्रिया के बजाय स्थिति या दशा को दर्शाता है । Stative verb कर्ता के दिमाग की दशा या कर्ता और object के बीच का सम्बंध बताता है ।

Examples

वह उसके पिता जी के बारे में सब जानता है ।	He knows everything about her father.
वह एक महान महिला है ।	She is a great woman.
हमारे पास भविष्य के लिये काफी बचत है ।	We have enough savings for future.
तुम एक सैनिक हो ।	You are a soldier.

Regular Verbs - Irregular Verbs

On the basis of forming base form of verb to past simple (2nd form) and past participle (3rd form), verb is divided into two type – Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs.

Kriyaa ke doosare aur teesare roop (2nd form-Past simple and 3rd form-Past participle) ke aadhaar par verb ko do prakaar meiN baanTaa gayaa hai - Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs.

Regular Verbs (Weak Verbs)

Regular Verbs are also known as Weak Verbs. The Verbs which form their past simple and past participle by adding “-ed" to their base form are called Regular Verbs - for example work – worked - worked, allow – allowed - allowed, play – played – played.

Examples

उसने एक सभा की योजना बनाई है ।	He has planned a meeting.
कुत्ता उस पर भौंका ।	The dog barked at him.
टाइगर आदमी को अपने जबड़े से खींच कर ले गया है ।	The tiger has dragged away the man by its jaw.
पुलिस ने सर्च वॉरेंट जारी कर दिया है ।	Police has issued search warrant.
उसने अपना सर्वश्रेष्ठ दिया है ।	He has delivered his best.

Irregular Verbs (Strong Verbs)

Irregular Verbs are also known as Strong Verbs. The Verbs which form their past simple and past participle in different ways but most often by changing the vowel of the Base form(Ist form) are called Irregular Verbs - for example, steal – stole – stolen, sleep – slept – slept, fight – fought - fought.

Verb को second form और third form में परिवर्तित करने के आधार पर verb को दो भागो में बांटा जाता है - Regular Verb और Irregular Verb ।

जिन verb के पीछे '-ed' लगा कर उसकी फ़ॉर्म बदली जा सकती है वह Regular Verb है और जिन verb की फ़ॉर्म अलग तरीके से बदली जाती है वह Irregular वर्ब है ।

Examples

पक्षी आसमान में उड़ गया ।	The bird flew in the sky.
उसने पांच सूट खरीदे थे ।	She had bought five suits.
विद्यार्थिओ ने अपने हक के लिये लड़ाई लड़ी है ।	The students have fought for their rights.
उसने अपने वायदे को निभाया है ।	He has kept his words.
नेताओं ने कई वायदे किये है ।	The leaders have made number of promises.

Causative Verbs

We will learn in detail about Causative Verbs in upcoming lessons.

Finite Verbs

A Finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject and changes its form according to tense and the number & person of the subject. They are used in tense and can be indicative of passive or active voice.

Finite verb (जिसे कभी कभी मुख्य verb भी कहते है) वह verb है जिसके साथ सब्जेक्ट होता है और इसकी form सब्जेक्ट के अनुसार टेन्स के मुताबिक बदलती है । वे टेन्स में प्रयुक्त होती है और वाक्य के active या passive होने का संकेत दे सकती है ।

Examples

मैं भारत में रहता हूँ ।	I live in India.
मैं जापान में कभी नही रहा ।	I never lived in Japan.
उसने कार चलाई ।	He drove the car.
पापा ने मुझे उन्नीसवें जन्मदिवस पर मुझे बाइक उपहार देने का वायदा किया है ।	Papa has promised me to give me a bike on my 19th birthday.
मैं अनुगृहीत हुआ ।	I was obliged.
तुम सुन्दर हो ।	You are gorgeous.
उसके पास अद्वितीय व्यक्तित्व है ।	She has a unique personality.

Non-finite Verbs

A Non-Finite verb (also known as a verbal) has no subject, tense or number. It does not change its form according to the number and person of the subject. It is a verb form which is not acting like a verb (we need to form a sentence). It is a verb form which functions as a noun or an adjective or an adverb.

Non-Finite वर्ब का सब्जेक्ट, टेन्स या नंबर नही होता । यह सब्जेक्ट के नंबर के अनुसार चेंज नही होती । यह वर्ब वास्तव में वाक्य बनाने वाली वर्ब नही है । यह वाक्य में नाउन या आड़्जेक्टिव की तरह कार्य करती है ।

Examples

मुझे पढ़ना पसंद है ।	I love reading .
वह पढ़ना पसंद करती है ।	She loves reading.
मैं सभी को इंग्लिश सीखने की सलाह देता हूँ ।	I advise all to learn English.
वह सभी को इंग्लिश सीखने की सलाह देता है ।	He is advising all to learn English.
मैं अपना डिनर ले रहा हूँ ।	I am having my dinner.
वे अपना डिनर ले रहे हैं ।	They are having their dinner.
क्या हम रविवार को मछली पकड़ने जाते हैं ?	Do we go fishing on Sunday?
क्या वह रविवार को मछली पकड़ने जाता है ?	Does he go fishing on Sunday?

Types of Non-finite Verbs

There are three types of non-finite verbs Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles.

We will learn in detail about The Infinitive in upcoming lessons.
We will learn in detail about The Gerund in upcoming lessons.
We will learn in detail about The Participle in upcoming lessons.

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs are of two types:

1. Primary Auxiliary Verbs
2. Modals

Primary Auxiliary verbs (also known as a Helping Verb) are verbs that are used together with the main verb of the sentence to express the action or state. It support the main verb to form the structure of sentence as per specific tense. Primary Auxiliary Verbs are of three types:

सहायक क्रिया वह क्रिया है जो वाक्य में मुख्य verb के साथ क्रिया या स्थिति को दर्शाने में प्रयुक्त होती है । यह मुख्य verb को प्रत्येक tense के अनुसार वाक्य बनाने में सहायक होती है ।

Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs have already been covered earlier. Few examples are given hereunder:

Verbs "TO BE" - Is, am, are, was, were
After Subject + Is, am, are, was, were; Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, gerund, etc. are used.
वह अर्थशास्त्री है ।	He is an economist.
यह मैं था ।	It was me.
यह मेरी है ।	It is mine.
वे गुंड़े है ।	They were hooligans.
वह खुश है ।	She is happy.
एकदम काला अंधेरा है ।	It is black dark.
मेरी मम्मी पूरी तरह थकी हुई है ।	My mother is fully tired.
वह उसकी कार थी ।	That was his car.
कल यह अच्छी हालत में थी ।	Yesterday it was in good condition.
आपके साथ डॉन्स करना बहुत अच्छा है ।	It is so nice dancing with you.
बीते वक़्त पर रोना ठीक नही है ।	It is no good crying over the past.
मेरा ऑफिस मेट्रो स्टेशन के नजदीक है ।	My office is near the Metro station.
These are used with W-family words to ask a question.
तुम्हारा नाम क्या है ?	What is your name?
तुम्हारी पुस्तकें कौन सी है ?	Which are your books?
तुम्हारे नजदीकी कहलाने वाले दोस्त कहाँ थे ?	Where were your so called close friends?
तुम्हारे साथ कौन था ?	Who was with you?
Use of 'To' Infinitive after Is, am, are, was, were
शान्तुर को अप्रेल में आना है ।	Shantur is to come in April.
मुझे सभी को अलविदा कहना है ।	I am to say good bye to all.
उनको रिसेप्शन पार्टी में शामिल होना था ।	They were to attend the reception party.
अब किसको दोष देना है ।	Now who are to blame?
क्या यह कार आज 400 मील चलनी है	Is this car to run 400 miles today?
Use of 'There' and 'It' with Is, am, are, was, were
रोड़ पर बहुत बड़ा जाम था ।	There was a big jam on the road.
हमारे अपार्टमेंट में बहुत फ्लैट खाली है ।	There are many vacant flats in our Apartment.
बचने का कोई रास्ता नही है ।	There is no way to escape.
वहां कई विदेशी थे ।	There were many foreigners.
आपसे मिलना मेरी खुशी है ।	It is my pleasure to meet you.
यह उसकी बारी थी ।	It was his turn.
आपके साथ समय बिताना बहुत ही अद्भुत है ।	It is so wonderful to spend sometime with you.
योगा क्लास से जुड़ना एक समझदारी का कदम है ।	It is a wise step to join yoga classes.
Miscellaneous uses
तुम्हारा दोस्त यहाँ है!	Here is your friend!
अमीर आदमी के लिये बहुत सारी विलासिता की वस्तुएँ खरीदना आसान है ।	It is easy for a rich person to buy a lot of luxuries.
निर्णय लिया गया है की उसकी मेल का जवाब नही देना है ।	It is decided not to respond to his mails.
काश मैं एक बाघ होता!	If I were a tiger!
Verbs 'TO HAVE' - Has, have, had
मेरे पास तीन कार है ।	I have three cars.
उसके चार भाई है ।	She has four brothers.
उसके पांच घनिष्ठ मित्र थे ।	He had five close friends.
गाय की चार टांगे है ।	A cow has four legs.
रितिक के एक हाथ में 6 उंगलियां है ।	Ritik has six fingers in one hand.
मेरे कमरे में 2 अलमारी है ।	My room had two almirahs.
मैने ठीक 1 बजे मेरा लंच ले लिया था ।	I had my lunch at sharp 1 o'clock.
मुझे उससे बात करने में कोई दिक्कत नही आई थी ।	I had no problem in talking with her.
मुझे मेरे बॉस से कई मेल मिली थी ।	I had number of mails from my boss.
उसकी अड़ियल प्रवृति है ।	She has a stubborn attitude.
Verbs 'TO DO' - Do, does, did
Verbs 'TO DO' - Do, does, did
वह काम करता तो है (जरूर करता है) ।	He does work.
मैं आराम करता तो हूँ (अवश्य करता हूँ) ।	I do take rest.
वह उसे झिड़कती तो है (अवश्य झिड़कती है) ।	She does rebuke him.
मैंढक उछलता तो है (जरूर उछलता है) ।	Frog does jump.
मुझे फोन अवश्य करें ।	Do give me a ring.
मुझे शाम को अवश्य याद दिलांए ।	Do remind me in the evening.

Modals

Another Auxiliary Verbs (will, shall, may, can, may, would, should, could, might, must, ought, dare, need, used to) are known as Modal Verbs. We will learn about Modals in upcoming lessons.

Agreement between Verb and Subject

It is very important to learn the use of Verb with each Parts of Sentence. It is necessary to understand Agreement between Verb and Subject for learning good English.